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hello

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[Music]

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um my name is Missy Houston

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um I'm sort of a fifth year grad student

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at Penn State in astronomy as you may

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have guessed from my background

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um but I just successfully defended my

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thesis last week so I've gone ahead and

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I don't get my diploma and start my

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postdoc until August but I'm still going

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to call myself Dr Houston now

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um so I'm going to be talking about

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something that was not in my thesis so I

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hadn't thought about too much for a

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couple months but I'm getting back to it

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now

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um this is some work I'm doing as part

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of the Penn State extraterrestrial

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Intelligence Center and this work is

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actually being led by a Dr Sophia shake

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at the study Institute

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so um this project came out of a group a

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collaboration called characterizing

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atmospheric techno signatures or cats

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which I'm very glad we found a good

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abbreviation for and um so what this

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group is doing is just kind of creating

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a library of possible techno signatures

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and especially focusing on atmospheric

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techno signatures as jwst launches and

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we're making a lot of advances in our

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ability to characterize exoplanet

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atmospheres

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um but this project we're talking about

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today actually goes a bit more broad

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than that and we're thinking of all the

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Techno signatures that we produce here

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on Earth

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so the project we're calling Earth

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detecting Earth is establishing

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benchmarks for detectability based on

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how strong our techno signatures we

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produce here on Earth are and how far

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away

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um we you would be able to use our

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telescopes to successfully detect our

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techno signatures

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so this is a very preliminary version of

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our plot here we're going to have more

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techno signatures than this and we still

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have to finish up a few calculations to

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get all our distances right but

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um we're basically just trying to

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calculate the detectable distance for

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our telescopes to observe our techno

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signatures for all of the Techno

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signatures that we could think of that

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so

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um this is related to a similar concept

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called the ignoscale which was proposed

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by socasinovaro at all a couple years

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ago this term is defined as the relative

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size or intensity of a techno signature

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in units of the same type no signature

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as produced by Earth's technology

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so kind of the first step in our project

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is to quantify the strength of Earth's

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current day techno signatures and this

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is kind of defining the power level that

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is an ignoscale value of one

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and then we're going to determine what

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distance we can use our technology to

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detect those technical signatures and to

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keep things kind of uniform among all

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detective signatures we're looking at

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we're adopting a signal noise ratio of

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five

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um but we're also going to talk a bit

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about scaling relations you can use if

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you want to get higher signal to noise

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or something like that

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so I'm just kind of going to go through

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a few of our calculations here

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um

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weight over so uh the first kind of

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technical signature I want to talk about

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is intermittent celestially targeted

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radio Transmissions

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so the types of signals that would

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produce this are Medi signals so

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intentional messages that we have sent

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out ostensibly to communicate with

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extraterrestrial life but we don't

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really do a lot of that so

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um the more common types of signals we

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send out are powerful radio signals

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targeted at planets and asteroids in the

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solar system in order to characterize

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them with radar

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so for our calculation we are assuming

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that our radar transmitter is Arecibo

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Rip but

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um our Observer for radio observations

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we are using the currently under

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construction square kilometer array if

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we assume assume an observation time of

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one hour

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then we get our Earth detecting Earth

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detectable distance of 12 000 light

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years for our most powerful radio

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signals

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so this is the highest number that we're

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going to see in terms of our distances

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here but I wanted to start with it to

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really emphasize that

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um I see techno signatures as a really

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important part of the search for

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biosignatures because when you think

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about all of the signs of life that we

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produce here on Earth our radio signals

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are by far the most detectable thing

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that we produce

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so I really hope that the fields of

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biosignatures intactive signatures can

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work closely together because I think we

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want to take as many approaches as

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possible to find any types of life we

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can in the universe

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so the next category of techno signature

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is just another type of radio signal

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intermittent celestially untargeted

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leakage so these are

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signals that we intentionally send into

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the sky but not necessarily with the aim

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of going to space so things like

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Military and Commercial aircraft radar

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we're just kind of assuming the standard

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aircraft radar systems for a transmitter

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and again observing with the square

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kilometer array

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and our Earth attacking earth distance

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is a bit over 200 light years

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um so this is a still a pretty big

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distance this includes quite a number of

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stars

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um if we're considering you know the

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Stars within this distance range

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uh the next Technic signature I want to

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talk about is persistent omnidirectional

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radio leakage so there was some early

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work done on this topic actually in 1989

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where

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um Sullivan at all simulated

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um

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the output of Earth's television Tower

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Transmissions as you might be able to

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observe them from space and concluded

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that it's possible that other life out

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in the universe knows that we're here

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um our TV signals aren't quite as

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powerful now as they were in the peak

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a time but um we've got all kinds of

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mobile cell phone towers all over the

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world now so there's a really great

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paper that just came out a few weeks ago

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by Mira Sade at all

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um that kind of does a similar

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calculation to the Sullivan paper but

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using mobile phone towers instead of

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so we adopted their value of a

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transmitter strength of four gigawatts

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and again using the square kilometer

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array as our radio detector and we got a

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detectable distance of just under a

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light year

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so this is a little bit too short of a

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distance to reach any nearby stars

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um but it's getting pretty close and as

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radio technology improves this kind of

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uh thing is going to become more

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the next techno signature I want to talk

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about is intermittent targeted laser

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leakage so these are laser signals that

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we happen to be sending out into space

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um so for the non astronomers in the

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room

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um

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the example that I want to use here is

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Adaptive Optics lasers Adaptive Optics

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is an astronomy technique where you take

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ground-based telescopes and distort

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their mirrors and in order to account

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for the effects of the atmosphere on the

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light that we observed from space

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um and uh there are kind of a lot of

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factors that goes into that but one

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thing is that sometimes we need to

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create an artificial guide star to

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calibrate these and so what we do is

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send really powerful lasers shooting

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into the atmosphere so that's some

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amount of that laser power hits the

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atmosphere and bounces back for us to

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observe while a lot of that laser power

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just happens to go out into space

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wherever it's headed

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so um for our calculation for laser

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leakage we use the Keck 10 meter

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telescope and it's of Adaptive Optics

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system

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and we get a detectable distance of

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about 10 light years so this distance

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does include a few nearby stars but it's

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important to note that we're not

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actually directing these lasers at any

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nearby stars because you only need to

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use Adaptive Optics

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um the laser artificial guide star if

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you don't have a real well-known bright

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star you can look at so we're never

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really doing that right at nearby Stars

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so the next category of techno

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signatures I want to get into are

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exoplanetary techno signatures that you

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might detect for example in our in the

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atmosphere of a planet

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so we've got an example here of one

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possible atmospheric pollutant which is

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nitrogen dioxide and this is based on

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work done by kaparapu at all a couple

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years ago

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so this simulation was performed using

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the planetary Spectrum generator and

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assuming that our Observer is a luvex

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which I guess is now called habitable

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worlds Observatory

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um which is a space mission that's under

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development but is the combination of

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luvar and habex Mission Concepts that

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was for a few months called lubrics but

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now this is already out of date so

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um our detectable distance here is a

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little over three light years so this

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includes some nearby stars

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um

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but it's important to know that NO2 can

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also be created through natural means so

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there's a lot of complicated chemistry

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at play here to determine whether it's

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actually artificial

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but a really important thing about these

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um

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cultural app atmospheric pollution

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signatures is that you can use the same

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observations to search for techno

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signatures and biosignatures when you're

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looking at the Spectra so I think it's a

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really great way that these two

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um and then the last techno signature

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I'm going to talk about is City Lights

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so I'm showing a picture here of Earth

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as each part of the world appears at

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night

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with City Lights

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um so for this calculation we're using

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some work done by Thomas Beatty where he

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assumes that our lights are primarily

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from high pressure sodium lamps

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in this simulation our Observer is

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luvore a so a slightly earlier version

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of the lyrics I talked about last time

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luvore was an earlier Mission concept

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concept for that so this exact design is

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not going to be launched in space but

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we're going to have something similar

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and our distance for this one is only

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0.075 light years so this means

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um that we could only use something like

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luvor to detect our city lights if we're

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in the Oort cloud which is just kind of

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the outer regions of the solar system

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um so if you want to detect this kind of

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thing you're going to have to

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uh have a planet that has a lot more

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and so I'll just kind of leave up my

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summary slide here as the list of the

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Techno signatures that we're looking at

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um the first few on the list here are

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the ones that we quickly went over I've

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got a few more highlighted in yellow and

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for those our calculations are still

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underway

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and then we've crossed a few out

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um that turned out to be techno

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signatures we've crossed off of um

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consideration for various reasons mostly

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because it's just not feasible to

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observe them from space at all we'd be

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talking about still in Earth's

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atmosphere for our distance

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or because

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um

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another possible techno signature is

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observing the contents of Earth's

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atmosphere over time and how it changes

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but we decided for this project that

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we're not going to get into things that

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are based on changes over time because

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uh this is already a really big paper as

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is

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um so yeah I can take questions I also

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all right thank you Macy our new doctor

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Houston

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um unfortunately we only have time for

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one question so I want to see some real

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hi um thank you so much for your talk I

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definitely agree with you that take my

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signature and by signature scientists

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need to work more closely together

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um I was wondering I know the paper is

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already super cool as it is but as a

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sort of follow-up

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um would it be possible to estimate what

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sort of techno signal like how those

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techno signatures would evolve

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um in the future and if there's one

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that's going to shoot up and at what

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point in our future uh would we be

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detectable to most terrestrial planets

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in our galaxy

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yeah we'll talk a little bit about that

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in the discussion but we're not going to

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get too quantitative

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um but that is something that comes up

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as in you know uh one of the main things

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you hear people talk about this in is is

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like radio leakage because like

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if our cell phone towers were more

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directed you know down at the Earth they

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could be more efficient and maybe more

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advanced technology has less leakage

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into space just because

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it's a waste of energy

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um so yeah these are things we think

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about I don't have any definitive

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answers right now

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[Music]

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[Applause]